The design of novel drugs or of improved higher generation therapeutics is a complex task that goes beyond improving the specificity of the drug to its biological target. Since in many cases, only a minute fraction of the administered drug reaches the critical pharmacological target, strategies for increasing the drug's accumulation in the vicinity of the cellular DNA must be devised. Thus, drug delivery strategies should strive to prolong circulation time, enhance tissue-specific accumulation, increase the effectiveness of cellular and nuclear uptake in addition to high specificity and affinity towards the DNA. The complexity of the biological system makes it very difficult to simultaneously incorporate all of these factors into a single algorithm for drug design. Focusing on specificity is relatively straightforward since the structure of the DNA is well known.

New challenges and opportunities for those engaged in Computer-Aided Drug Design. These challenges require us to move beyond typical application areas and develop new tools and techniques.This conference will focus on many of the new challenges facing drug design, and seek to set new research directions to address these challenges. We will address a number of pertinent topics including:

• The application of computational methods to the design of biologics
• Data analysis and visualization techniques to support multi-objective optimization
• The application of computational methods to drug discovery programs driven on data from phenotypic assays
• The impact of open source software and open data on drug design
• The impact of "big data" on drug discovery
• Computational methods applied to the optimization of binding kinetics

The hyphenated technique is developed from the coupling of a separation technique and an on-line spectroscopic detection technology. The remarkable improvements in hyphenated analytical methods over the last two decades have significantly broadened their applications in the analysis of biomaterials, especially natural products. In this article, recent advances in the applications of various hyphenated techniques, e.g., GC-MS, LC-MS, LC-FTIR, LC-NMR, CE-MS, etc. in the context of pre-isolation analyses of crude extracts or fraction from various natural sources, isolation and on-line detection of natural products, chemotaxonomic studies, chemical fingerprinting, quality control of herbal products, dereplication of natural products, and metabolomic studies are discussed with appropriate examples.

This methods used in the synthesis of organic compounds with particular attention to medicinal products and illicit substances. Students are expected to utilize information presented in each module to develop and complete their module assignments. Other activities will include online discussions of course topics and current issues that relate to the synthesis of medicinal products and illicit substances.

It reviews key concepts and principles of those sciences, including:

• Modern concepts of drug action, drug-receptor interactions, and pharmacophore analysis
• Molecular basis for the mechanism of action of drugs
• Concepts in PK and PD, drug efficacy and potency, physiological effects, and structure/function relationships
• Modern drug design approaches, including structure-based and ligand-based drug design
• ADME/tox

The pharmaceutical industry has embraced the many opportunities surrounding drug discovery in the era of precision medicine. It is widely accepted that the era of blockbuster drugs is something of the past. However, precision medicine offers new opportunities for individual patients, or patient groups with unique genetic and/or environmental risk factors to have a precision-based treatment option. This is made possible when a team of experts involving the patient, doctor, payer and drug development company work together to find individualized treatment options with data derived from complex groups of diseases, populations, and drugs. It all boils down to the sample size of one

Research in Drug Design encompasses the entire spectrum from Bench to Bedside, with the aim of enabling the delivery of novel, safe, therapeutics to patients, leading to an increase in Health and Well being within the general population. Our multi disciplinary approach draws together world leading researchers from across the globe, coupled with strong collaborations with academic partners and the Pharmaceutical sector. Such partnerships allow us to develop novel approaches to the design and isolation of novel therapeutic agents, their testing within in silico and in vitro models, and ultimately the translation of such research into clinical practice.

Current Research

• The development of novel therapeutic agents derived from natural plant products

• The use of '-omic' level measurements, coupled with in silico modelling, to develop systems-level understanding of cellular response to chemical challenge

• Nuclear Receptor Biology and their role in coordinating cellular response to chemical challenge. Special focus on the diseases of aging, including cardiovascular, metabolic and oncology

• The molecular mechanisms of DNA damage repair, with particular emphasis on their role in human degenerative diseases

• Breast, ovarian and prostate cancer research, developing both novel therapeutics and understanding the development of multiple-drug resistance phenotype within these diseases.

The Forum recognized that in addition to humanitarian reasons for fighting infectious diseases in developing countries, have a self-interest in combating infectious diseases. Pathogens can spread far from where they first developed due to increases in trade, international tourism and climate change. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) exemplified how an infectious disease may quickly transcend borders, triggering important economic ripple effects globally, even in countries with few cases.

Meeting the cost of scaling-up PDP investments needs to be accompanied by more accurate forecasting of demand for medicines required for neglected diseases, as this would reduce the risk to investors and potential innovators and could create stronger incentives to service these markets. Participants made it clear that many health issues in developing countries cannot and will not be solved by developments in health technologies alone. Nevertheless, such technologies are important and efforts are needed to create the innovation environment that will rapidly deliver new medicines for all types of disease.

A major challenge in medicine and the biomedical sciences today is the problem of antibiotic resistance, the phenomenon by which agents of infectious diseases – bacteria being most relevant to this article – no longer respond to treatment with the ‘miracle drugs’. Let’s understand this phenomenon by tracing the roles of infectious diseases in human history; our approaches to understanding and treating them over millennia; the recent use and abuse of antibiotics and the resultant spread of antibiotic resistance; the antiquity of antibiotics in natural environments and the inevitability of resistance; and the way forward.

Neurodegenerative diseases are incurable and debilitating conditions that result in progressive degeneration and / or death of nerve cells. This causes problems with movement (called ataxias), or mental functioning (called dementias).

Dementias are responsible for the greatest burden of disease with Alzheimer’s representing approximately 60-70% of cases.

The neurodegenerative diseases that JPND focuses on are:

• Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other dementias
• Parkinson’s disease (PD) and PD-related disorders
• Prion disease
• Motor neurone diseases (MND)
• Huntington’s Disease (HD)
• Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA)
• Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)

Targeting modulation of T-cell co-stimulation is one approach that aims to fight the cancer rather than targeting the tumor to eradicate the disease. This approach may enhance cells’ antitumor activity and potentially leads to a response that can last

• Cancer immunotherapy is a rapidly emerging field supported by compelling single-agent data, and more recently, with very encouraging combination data
• Immunotherapeutic approaches may provide improved, durable antitumor activity by amplifying and self-renewing immune response and utilizing long-term memory
• Preclinical and early clinical studies indicate a potential to improve efficacy using combination approaches involving immunotherapeutic agents with differing modes of action
• Immunotherapeutic agents could form the backbone of numerous potential combinations and indications in various lines of therapy

In Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, we help the reader by providing in a systematic manner:

1. The views of experts on current advances in chemical biology in a clear and readable form.

2. Evaluations of the most interesting papers, annotated by experts, from the great wealth of original publications.

Division of the subject into sections:

The subject of chemical biology is divided into themed sections which are reviewed regularly to keep them relevant. For 2016 they are:

• Omics
• Bioinorganic chemistry
• Biocatalysis and Biotransformation
• Next Generation Therapeutics
• Molecular Imaging
• Synthetic Biology
• Synthetic Biomolecules
• Energy
• Mechanistic Biology

Lab-on-a-chip technology makes it possible to conduct miniaturized lab analysis on micro- or nanoscale. The chips can vary in size from a few millimeters up to a few square centimeters. Lab-on-a-chips contain channel structures and have one or more laboratory functions built within. The number of applications is still growing and lab-on-a-chip technology is now related to the fields of microfluidics.

The lab-on-a-chip devices of Micronit contain single or multiple lab functions depending on customer’s needs. The of-the-shelf chips have single functions like e.g. mixing, droplet generation or micro-reaction. But the lab-on-a-chip devices can also be equipped with electrodes for particle or cell detection, particle packing, sorting, electrophoresis, PCR etc.

Research in the Clinical Pharmacy focuses on the precise, personalized relationship between patients and their medications. It also examines broader relationships between patients and the health care and public policy environments that influence factors such as medication cost and access, health disparities, and pharmacy practice models.

The fundamental goal of the clinical trial research is to ensure the safest, most effective use of affordable, accessible medications for all patients. This goal might be accomplished via a clinical study on the genetic response of a patient group to a drug, or through a practice study that looks at a new way to ensure patients are taking their medications as prescribed and reporting any medical problems or lifestyle challenges with their regimens.

CLINICAL RESEARCH

• Medication outcomes and comparative effectiveness
• Pharmacoepidemiology
• Pharmacogenomics
• Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
   

EDUCATION RESEARCH

• Creating and evaluating training programs
• Evaluating curricula

Nursing programs feature different chemistry courses, including biochemistry, pharmacology, general level chemistry and organic chemistry. All of these courses play an important role in helping nurses understand different organic compounds, chemical equations, chemical reactions and chemical processes. An individual can major in one course or can combine two or more. Therefore, chemistry knowledge allows nurses to understand the effects of different medicines when used alone or in combination with others.

A deep knowledge of chemistry is essential in order to know exactly how to administer medicines to patients. Most nurses are entrusted with the task of giving patients their medicine and it the nurse’s job to know how medicines will react with the symptoms as well as which medicines complement each other and which will react adversely when taken together. Knowledge about these combinations is essential because a wrong combination could result in the death of a patient.

Forensic Toxicology and Pharmacology is a peer-reviewed scholarly journal and aims to publish the most complete and reliable source of information on the discoveries and current developments in the mode of original articles, review articles, case reports, short communications, etc. in all areas of forensic toxicology, forensic science and pharmacology and making them available online freely without any restrictions or any other subscriptions to researchers worldwide.

Journal of Forensic Toxicology and Pharmacology focuses mainly on topics that include:

• Forensic Science
• Forensic Pharmacology
• Forensic Toxicology
• Environmental Forensics
• Clinical Chemistry
• Forensic Death Investigation
• Clinical Pharmacology
• Drugs of abuse
• Forensic Anthropology
• Forensic Analytical Chemistry
• Drug Chemistry

Progress in nanomedicine resulted in numerous scientific papers, studies, and several promising clinical trials, but only a few clinically-approved nanodrugs. There is a growing sentiment in the field that we can do more than that. I​n order to increase the availability of nanodrugs for patients, we need to address the biological, pathophysiological, immunological and manufacturing/regulatory barriers to effective translation into the clinic.

The goals of the two day Mechanisms and Barriers in Nanomedicine workshop are to:

• Provide an educational forum on the barriers to nanoparticle translation;
• Provide a paradigm shift to overcome these problems; and
• Allow for open discussion among faculty, postdocs and graduate students, to trigger new ideas and concepts.

The workshop will consist of informal, non-concurrent sessions, followed by discussion. Talks will focus on mechanisms, problems, and solutions of the following aspects of nanomedicine:

• Bio-nano interface, immune recognition, and toxicity
• Complement
• ​In vitro and in vivo barriers
• ​No-engineering and design
• ​Metastatic cells, stem cells, and relevance of mouse models
• Regulatory/industrial hurdles

It has estimated that in the field of medicinal chemistry more than $79 million in research funding has spent since 2008. A complete overview of drug designing process has come up with some crucial details that from year 2008 to 2013 the market has a growth with $ 198 billion and in further this rate may increases to $236 billion from year 2014 to 2019. Special emphasis is given on computational approaches for drug discovery along with salient features and applications of the software’s used in de-novo drug designing. In the future year of 2020, the revenue budget of drug designing or drug production reveals that the large drug companies are facing the expiry of patents on their best sellers. At the same time they are having trouble inventing new medicines, and this means that the drug industry’s sales may at best tread water and could face some steep drops. The point of market analysis is to see what happens after the immediate patent expirations, like the loss of Lipitor from highly reputed companies